Acrobat definitely does support other languages, but the problem is your PDF file does not contain all the information that Acrobat needs to extract the data. The PDF file may look good when displayed in Acrobat or Reader, but it does not contain the data to extract the text. This is usually caused by a missing "ToUnicode" table.
Again, it's a bad PDF file, and you need to complain to the author of the file.
There is one workaround that you have access to with Adobe Acrobat: You can save the complete document as TIFF images (File>Save as Other>Image>TIFF). Then import these images again into Acrobat (File>Create>Combine...). Now export again and select to run OCR if necessary on the settings dialog. You may end up with better results. This definitely works for western languages if the ToUnicode table is missing, but may not work correctly for Arabic, at least I don't have any first hand experience with this.
Karl Heinz Kremer
PDF Acrobatics Without a Net
PDF Software Development, Training and More...
http://www.khkonsulting.com